By economic yardsticks, Roger the Plumber should be feeling pretty low. Roger Peugeot, owner of the 14-employee Overland Park, Kan., plumbing company that bears his name, is part of a sector hit hard by shrunken credit and slumping sales. He has been forced to reduce staff and is battling new competition from other plumbers fleeing the construction industry.

    So why is Mr. Peugeot so happy? He genuinely likes fixing plumbing messes, for one thing, and despite the worst recession he has seen, 'I'm still excited to get up and go to work every day,' he says. He relishes running into people at the local hardware store whom he has helped in the past. And in hard times, he says, his fate is in his own hands, rather than those of a manager. 'Even when things get tough, I'm still in control,' he says.

    In the broadest, most-comprehensive survey yet of how occupation affects happiness, business owners outrank 10 other occupational groups in overall well-being, based on the landmark survey of 100,826 working adults set for release today. Defined as self-employed store or factory owners, plumbers and so on, business owners surpassed 10 other occupational groups on a composite measure of six criteria of contentment, including emotional and physical health, job satisfaction, healthy behavior, access to basic needs and self-reports of overall life quality.

    This puts Roger the Plumber well ahead of movers and shakers typically regarded as the top of the heap in society -- professionals such as doctors or lawyers, who ranked second, and executives and managers in corporations or government, who came in third -- according to the Gallup-Healthways Well-Being Index, a collaboration between Gallup and Healthways, a Franklin, Tenn., health-management concern. This is despite business owners ranking below those more-prestigious occupations in physical health and access to basic needs, such as health care.

    The findings, psychologists say, reflect the importance of being free to choose the work you do and how you do it, the way you manage your time, and the way you respond to adversity. Regardless of occupational field, the survey suggests that seeking out enjoyable work and finding a way to do it on your own terms, with some control over both the process and the outcome, is likely for most people to fuel satisfaction and contentment.

    'Despite the recession, it still pays to be your own boss,' says Frank Newport, editor in chief of the Gallup Poll. The survey, adds John Howard, director of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 'reaffirms my view that the more control you have over your work, the happier you are.'

    At the bottom of the heap, transportation and manufacturing workers scored lowest on well-being. These occupations tend to foster conditions Niosh has identified as contributors to unhealthy stress: lack of control or participation in decision-making, conflicting or unclear job expectations, and hectic tasks with little inherent meaning.

    Management and executive jobs have gotten tougher, too, during the period the Gallup-Healthways data were gathered, the first eight months of this year. Beset by cost cuts and layoffs, corporate bosses at all levels now share more of these stress-inducing conditions.

    Business owners stand in stark contrast. Even in tough times, 'you do your own thinking and no one can tell you you're wrong,' says Edwin Locke, an industrial psychologist and professor emeritus of leadership and motivation at the Robert H. Smith School of Business at the University of Maryland. 'You make your own decisions, and if you're wrong, reality gives you the feedback,' he says.

    Another surprise from the survey: Farmers and other outdoor workers, from farmhands to forestry workers, scored No.1 among all groups in 'emotional health,' as measured mainly by the amount of smiling, laughter, enjoyment and happiness they report experiencing the previous day -- despite the fact that farmers ranked near the bottom in access to basic needs.

    如果單看經(jīng)濟(jì)指標(biāo)，水管疏通公司Roger the Plumber的老板羅杰·波杰特（Roger Peugeot）理應(yīng)心情低落才對(duì)。這家擁有14名雇員的企業(yè)位于堪薩斯州歐弗蘭帕克，它所處行業(yè)也因信貸緊縮、銷(xiāo)售下滑而受到了影響。波杰特不得不裁減雇員，并且和那些逃離建筑領(lǐng)域、轉(zhuǎn)投水管疏通行業(yè)的新競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手爭(zhēng)奪生意。

    那么，為什么波杰特還總是樂(lè)呵呵的呢？首先，他是真的喜愛(ài)疏通清理水管這項(xiàng)工作；其次，按照他的話(huà)說(shuō)，雖然眼下是他所經(jīng)歷的最嚴(yán)重的經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退，但"每天起床上班還是讓我感到很興奮".他喜歡在當(dāng)?shù)匚褰鸬昱龅揭郧暗目蛻?hù)。他說(shuō)，在困難時(shí)期，我的命運(yùn)是掌握在自己、而不是哪個(gè)經(jīng)理人手中的。他說(shuō)，即便世道變得艱難了，我還能夠控制。

    波杰特自己當(dāng)老板，他說(shuō)"每天起床上班還是讓我感到很興奮".一項(xiàng)針對(duì)100,826名員工進(jìn)行的大范圍調(diào)查顯示，在什么職業(yè)的人幸福感最強(qiáng)的問(wèn)題上，企業(yè)主的得分從整體上超過(guò)了其他十種職業(yè)。這里所指的企業(yè)主包括自營(yíng)商店或工廠(chǎng)的所有人以及水管工等等。從情感及身體健康狀況、工作滿(mǎn)意度、良好行為習(xí)慣、對(duì)基本需求的實(shí)現(xiàn)程度以及自我匯報(bào)的整體生活質(zhì)量這六個(gè)綜合方面衡量，企業(yè)主的幸福程度超過(guò)了其他十種職業(yè)。

    這就使波杰特這樣的小業(yè)主在幸福感指數(shù)的排名上遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)了那些在社會(huì)中倍受推崇的高端職業(yè)人群，比如醫(yī)生、律師、政府或企業(yè)高管等。在由蓋洛普公司（Gallup Organization, Inc.）和田納西州健康管理公司Healthways共同編制的這個(gè)蓋洛普-Healthways幸福指數(shù)（Gallup-Healthways Well-Being Index）中，企業(yè)主、律師和企業(yè)、政府領(lǐng)導(dǎo)分別排名前三，盡管企業(yè)主在身體健康以及對(duì)基本需求（如醫(yī)療護(hù)理）的實(shí)現(xiàn)程度這兩個(gè)分項(xiàng)指標(biāo)上不如那些占據(jù)了社會(huì)階梯高層的人。

    心理學(xué)家指出，這些發(fā)現(xiàn)表明自由選擇工作以及工作方式、自由選擇時(shí)間管理方式以及自由選擇如何應(yīng)對(duì)困境對(duì)人來(lái)說(shuō)具有多么重要的意義。這份調(diào)查顯示，對(duì)絕大多數(shù)人來(lái)說(shuō)，不論從事何種職業(yè)，在對(duì)過(guò)程和結(jié)果均有所控制的情況下，找到喜歡的工作和自己喜歡的工作方法都能提高其滿(mǎn)意度和滿(mǎn)足感。

    蓋洛普公司主任編輯弗蘭克·紐波特（Frank Newport）說(shuō)，即便現(xiàn)在正在經(jīng)歷經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退，自己當(dāng)老板還是有好處的。美國(guó)國(guó)家職業(yè)安全衛(wèi)生研究所（NIOSH）主任約翰·霍華德（John Howard）也表示，這再次證實(shí)了我一貫的觀點(diǎn)，即你對(duì)自己工作的控制感越強(qiáng)，你就越快樂(lè)。

    在排名靠后的行業(yè)中，運(yùn)輸業(yè)及制造業(yè)工人的幸福感指數(shù)排最末。在這些職業(yè)中充滿(mǎn)了NIOSH所定義的有害壓力：缺乏控制力或?qū)�決策的參與、矛盾或模糊的工作預(yù)期、工作任務(wù)重而又意義不大。

    蓋洛普-Healthways調(diào)查所收集的數(shù)據(jù)表明，今年頭八個(gè)月里，管理工作變得更具難度了。受困于成本削減及裁員的影響，各個(gè)階層的公司老板們都更多地暴露于那些能帶來(lái)壓力的環(huán)境之中。

    而企業(yè)主的情況則和他們完全相反。工業(yè)心理學(xué)家、馬利蘭大學(xué)史密斯商學(xué)院領(lǐng)導(dǎo)與激勵(lì)學(xué)名譽(yù)教授愛(ài)德溫·洛克（Edwin Locke）說(shuō)，即便是在困難時(shí)期企業(yè)主也可以自己進(jìn)行思考，而且沒(méi)有人跑過(guò)來(lái)說(shuō)你做錯(cuò)了；你能自主決策，如果你錯(cuò)了，現(xiàn)實(shí)會(huì)給你反饋。

    此次調(diào)查中另一個(gè)出人意料的地方是，農(nóng)民和其他戶(hù)外工作者（包括雇農(nóng)和林場(chǎng)工人）在情感健康的分項(xiàng)指標(biāo)中排位最高，超過(guò)了所有人。該指標(biāo)主要衡量一個(gè)人在之前一天中微笑、大笑、以及感到快樂(lè)和幸福的頻次，盡管事實(shí)上農(nóng)民在基本需求的實(shí)現(xiàn)程度方面排名幾乎墊底。